Study materials
Materials
The original 2008 paper. Nine pages, and still the clearest statement of the double-spending problem and the proof-of-work answer to it.
Open resource
Condensed notes for the series: the vocabulary, the four conditions, the consensus comparison table and the questions to ask of any chain.
The minimal chain built across the series: block structure, hash linking, validation and a toy consensus loop, in one runnable project.
Small standalone programs that run a proof-of-work loop and a BFT voting round side by side, so the difference in message count and finality is visible rather than described.
Reference for accounts, transactions, gas, the EVM and the node software. The section on transaction lifecycle pairs directly with episode three.
Open resource
Series
